CHamoru Orthography Rules

Proper CHamoru spelling

The development of an orthography for any language is a difficult and lengthy process. It involves the making of choices in areas where historians, linguists and educators may legitimately disagree. The preparation of an orthography for the CHamoru language was no exception and, in fact, generated numerous discussions, some of which were emotionally-charged.

The CHamoru language has been written in a variety of ways in the 300+ years it has been in print. In that time, there have been changes in the sound system, varying colonial administrations and several studies of the language. While we can all argue that CHamoru may be written in various ways, we must all agree that it should follow only one system if it is to survive in the future. The Kumision I Fino Chamorro after five years of discussion, countless meetings, several consultants and numerous public hearings presents this orthography as the official system to be used when writing CHamoru. By law, all agencies of the Government of Guam are enjoined to follow it. Hopefully, out of a desire to see the language prosper, all individuals and organizations on Guam will seek to use it voluntarily.

Two points must be made clear about orthographies. The first is that an orthography only organizes how a language is spelled. It does not change the language nor does it recommend to individuals how a language should be used. It only explains how words are spelled. Secondly, and perhaps more importantly, is that having an orthography is useless if it is not used. If CHamoru is to be preserved, it must be seen in print and it must be written in a uniform fashion.

Ginen hami gi Kumision yan todu siha i petsonas ni’ hagas manayuda gi fotmasion i utugrafiha, en prisesenta este na dokumentu para i usun-miyu ni’ pupbliku. Yanggen guaha hafa na kuestion pat puntu ni para u malaknos put este na asunto, pot fabot a’agang hami gi Kumision. Mansetbienten i pupbliku yan i fino’ CHamoru ham.

By Robert A. Underwood, EdD

Editor’s note:	This entry was adapted and reprinted with permission from the Department of CHamoru Affairs, Government of Guam. Hale’ta: CHamoru Heritage, 1983 CHamoru Orthography.

Rule 1: Proper Names

1. Names of people will retain their spelling.
2. Family names which have never been written before will be CHamoruized in spelling.
3. Proper names will not conform to Rule 9 and 10.
4. Place names that are of CHamoru origin will be CHamoruized in spelling.
   • Example
     • Inarajan – Inalåhan
     • Ritidian – Litekyan
5. Newly named places with no known CHamoru names will retain their written name.
   • Example
     • Banzai Cliff
6. Months, days, and numerals shall conform to CHamoru spelling rules.

Rule 2: Capitalization

1. Proper names of people, places, animals, things, institutions and organizations, titles, days of the week, months of the year and the beginning of sentences will be capitalized.
2. The affixed forms of proper names shall be capitalized.
   • Example
     • um + Sablan = Sumablan
     • in + Sablan = Sinablan
     • um + Afaisen = UmAfaisen
     • in + Afaisen = InAfaisen
     • um + Angoco = UmAngoco
     • in + Angoco = InAngoco
   • N.B. The affixed forms of proper nouns beginning with vowels will have both affix and the name capitalized.
3. When the plural subject marker (man – is affixed to a proper name, m will also be capitalized.
   • Example
     • man– + CHamoru = ManCHamoru
     • man– + Juan = ManJuan
4. The conventional practice of capitalizing pronouns relating to the divinity itself will be followed.

Rule 3: Choice of Alphabetic Symbols and Corresponding Sound

1. The following list of consonants and vowel symbols and their corresponding sounds will be used in CHamoru spelling. They are given here in alphabetical order. Example words are given to illustrate the phonetic value of each of the spelling symbols.

Symbol	Sound	Example word	English Meaning
’	/ ? /	haga’	blood
a	/ae/	baba	open (note: the same symbol a is used to represent two sounds.)
å	/å/	båba	bad
b	/be/	båba	bad
ch	/che/	chålan	road
d	/de/	dåggao	throw
e	/g/	ekungok	listen
f	/fe/	fugo’	squeeze
g	/ge/	ga’chong	friend
h	/he/	håtsa	lift
i	/i/	hita	we (inclusive)
k	/ke/	kada	each
l	/le/	litråtu	picture
m	/me/	malago’	want
n	/ne/	nåna	mother
ñ	/ñe/	ñåmu	mosquito
ng	/ng/	nginge’	sniff
o	/o/	oppe	answer
p	/pe/	påchot	mouth
r	/rre/	råmas	branch
s	/se/	såddok	river
t	/te/	tåya’	nothing
u	/u/	uchan	rain
y	/ye/	yan	and

2. The letter c, j, q, v, w, x, z, ll, and rr will be used in the spelling of proper names only.

Example

Symbol	Proper Names
C	Carmen Cecilia
J	Jose John
Q	Quichocho
V	Vicente
W	Wilfred
X	Xavier Xena
ll	Quintanilla
rr	CHamoru Barrigada

3. The glottal stop will be used in alphabetizing words.

Example

ex. 1	ex. 2	ex. 3
gua’gua’	nå’na’	ba’ba’
guagua’	nåna	bå’ba’
		baba
		båba

Rule 4: Diphthongs

1. The diphthongs in the writing system will be treated as sequence of vowels.

The most common diphthongs are as follows:

Diphthongs	CHamoru word	English meaning
ao	taotao	person
ai	taitai	read
oi	boi	boy
io	baksion	vacation
ie	siette	seven
ia	estoria	story
iu	presiu	prices

2. All the letter combinations of the above listed diphthongs shall be treated as diphthongs, unles the glottal stop is distinctively heard between the two vowels.

Example

Letter Combination	Diphthongs	Not Diphthongs
ie	siette	li’e’
io	adios	fi’on
ia	estoria	esphiha
iu	presiu	fihu

A sure text of diphthong is when both vowels reduplicate.

3. The letter h rather than the glottal stop ´ shall be used in spelling of non-diphthong combinations of io, ie, ia, and iu, which are sometimes confused with diphthongs.

Example

h	´
fihu	not fi’u
pasehu	not pase’u
maneha	not mane’a

Rule 5: Consonant Symbols in Final Position

1. The following consonants will not appear at the end of a word: b, ch, d, g, h, l, ñ, r, y
2. The consonants—b, d, g, and l—may appear at the end of a syllable only when the consonant is geminate, i.e., when the following syllable of the same word begins with the same sound.

Example

CHamoru word	English meaning
yabboa	slash
godde	to tie
hålle	pull
meggai	many

N.B. CHamoru and Barrigada are not geminate. Rule 1 applies.

Rule 6: Unstressed Vowels in Open Syllables in CVCV and CVC

1. The letters i and u will be used to represent unstressed vowels in open syllables (where C = consonant, V = vowel).

Example

CHamoru word	English meaning
låhi	man
hågu	you
nå’i	give
lågu	north

The same rule applies to unstressed vowels in open syllables of poly-syllabic words except when the preceding is o or e.

Example

CHamoru word	English meaning
sangåni	tell how
dalalaki	follow

But

CHamoru word	English meaning
triångolo	a triangle
dångkolo	big
proksemo	approximate

In the case of dångkolo, etc. the first o results from the preceding consonant cluster ngk (cf, Rule,6B); the final o results from the preceding o through vowel harmony.

2. The unstressed vowels in open syllables following a sequence of consonants will be represented by e and o.

Example

• tatte, listo, ho’ye, halla, hamyo

N.B. The sounds represented by some of the vowels above may appear to be misrepresented (i.e., tatte instead tatti). However, all of the examples under Rule 6 are unstressed vowels when their pronunciation may vary. The “true” sounds are assumed to exist thus the vowels are stressed as in tatte-ku.*

3. The letter a (ae) will be used in unstressed open syllables in both the CVCV and CVCCV constructions.

Example

• måta

4. The following blends/digraphs will be considered as one consonant for spelling purposes.

Example

br	dr	pl	bl
brongko	prensa	pluma	blangko
brohas	preba	platu	tapbla
bruha	prugrama	planta	misirapble
fl	tr	fr	kl
aflitu	trosu	fresko	chångkletas
gofli’e’	trangka	fruta	klasifika
flecha	trongko	fritada	mesklao

Rule 7: Unstressed Vowels in Closed Syllables

The vowels, e, o and a, will be used to represent the unstressed vowels in closed syllables, i.e., syllables which end with a consonant.

CHamoru word	English meaning
huyong	go out
halom	go in
lapes	pencil
li’e’	see
hakmang	eel

Rule 8: Stressed Vowels

All vowels will be used to represent stressed vowels in both closed and opened syllables when the quality of the sound in the word is clearly that which is associated with the vowels.

Example

CHamoru word	English meaning
asut	blue
tisu	stiff
hatdin	garden
tubu	tube
yu’	l
leche	milk
hotno	oven
boti	boat
tåta	father
båtsala	pull

Rule 9: Spelling of Borrowed Words

1. English, Spanish and Japanese words which have been assimilated into CHamoru will be spelled according to the general rules for CHamoru spelling. The spelling will reflect the changes in pronunciation.
   • Example

Spanish	CHamoru	English
lavador	labadot	sink
verde	betde	green
paloma	paluma	dove
caballo	kabayu	horse
Japanese	CHamoru	English
zori	yore ́	thongs
dengke	dengkke ́	light
English	CHamoru
ice cream	aiskrim
cake	kek
chaser	chesa

2. Recently borrowed English words will retain their English spelling and will be placed in single quotation when in print. When an English word contains CHamoru affixes, then it will be spelled according to the general rules for CHamoru spelling. Examples of the latter type are:

CHamoru word	English meaning
pumipiknik	on a picnic
bumabasketbo´	playing basketball
manekspleplen	explaining

Rule 10: Consonant Alternation

1. When the pronunciation of consonants changes due to affixation, the spelling will be changed accordingly to represent the change in pronunciation. Most of the changes in consonants are used by the affixation of the prefix man–
   • Example

CHamoru	English meaning
man– + po´lo = mamo´lo	to put
man– + taña = manaña´	to taste
man– + kåti = mangati	to cry
man– + såga = mañåga	to stay
man– + chålek = mañalek	to laugh
man– + fegge’ = mamegge’	to make a footprint

N.B. In some dialects of CHamoru the sounds are not assimilated. For example, in Rota, it is usually mansaga instead of mañaga.

2. The following are examples of poly–syllabic words in which the initial consonant of the baseword is not deleted:

• man– + pachakåti = manpachakåti
• man– + pagamento = manpagamento
• man– + pendehu = manpendehu
• man– + pentura = manpentura
• man– + piligru = manpiligru

3. The pronunciation of the first person singular possessive pronoun hu is determined by the stem to which it is attached. For example, it is pronounced tu when it follows a stem ending with t, as in pachot–tu, my mouth. It is pronounced su when it follows a stem ending with s, as in lassas–su, my skin. And, it is pronounced ku when it follows a stem that ends withh a vowel preceded by two consonants, as in leblu–ku, my book. However, for purposes of spelling, only hu and ku will be used.

Rule 11: Excresent Consonants

1. When additional consonants are added through affixation, they will be represented in the spelling system. The underlined in the following are examples of excrescent consonants.
   • n – elepblo –måmi = lepblo n + måmi = lepblon–måmi, our book
   • n – såga ñaihon = såga n + ñaihon = såganñaihon, stay a while
   • g – hånao –i = håna g u –i = hanågue, for someone’s behalf
   • y – sångan –i = sågan i y –i = sanganiyi, tell for someone
   • ´– a ågang = å ´ + ågang = å’ågang, be calling

Note: Rule 6 applies here

Rule 12: Superfluous Consonants

When the pronunciation of the consonant t before ch is predictable, and a mid-vowel follows ch, only ch will be written.

Example

leche

eskabeche

ganggoche

pacha

noche

ocho

Rule 13: Geminate Consonants and syllable-final h

Although the pronunciation of geminate consonants and syllable-final h varies among different speakers of CHamoru, they will be included in the spelling.

Example

CHamoru word	English meaning
tommo	knee
sahnge	strange
låggua	parrot fish
mamåhlao	be bashful
fåtto	come
hålla	pull
meggai	many
mohmo	chew for

Rule 14: Vowel Harmony

1. Vowel Fronting

When the pronunciation of a vowel is changed due to vowel fronting, this change will be reflected in the spelling

Example

CHamoru word	+vowel	English meaning
foggon	i feggon	the stove
guma´	i gima´	the house
suni	i suni	the taro

2. Vowel Raising

When the syllable construction (cvc) of a word is changed through affixation, the vowel changed – raising – will be reflected in the spelling in consistence with Rule 8.

Example

CVC – CVCV – Rule 8

• fugo’ –i = fugu´i
• toktok –i = toktuki

3. Vowel Lowering

When the syllable construction of a word is changed through semantics construction the vowels change – lowering – will be reflected in the spelling in consistence with Rule 7.

Example

CVCV – CVCVC – Rule 7

• suni + n = sunen–måmi
• låhi + n = låhen Maria

N.B. Vowel lowering occurs when excrescent consonant n is added to words that have CV structure at the end. (see above).*

Rule 15: Free Words

1. All content words (adjectives, verbs, nouns) will be written as a separate word in CHamoru.
   • Example

Content word	English meaning
kareta	car
dångkolo	big
fugo’	squeeze

2. The following function words (articles, particles, etc.) will be written as separate words in CHamoru:

Function Word	Example Phrase	English Meaning
i	i palao´an	the woman
ni’	ni’ palao´an	from, which (relational term) woman
si	si Juan	(honorific) John
as	as Juan	(located at) John
nu	nu guaho	me
na	dångkolo na taotao	big man
ha’	hu tungo´ ha´	i already know
fan	nangga fan, un råtu	wait a minute, please
ni	ni håyi	no one
u	para u hånao	he will go
bai	para bai hu hånao	i will go

3. Exceptions: The word gof functions as an intensifier and derivational prefix.

• Example: gof

CHamoru	English
Ha gof li´e´i patgon.	He/ She sees the child very well.
(derivational)
Ha gofli´e i patgon.	He/She loves the child very much.

The words gai and tai function both as derivational prefixes and as a function words.

• Example: tai

CHamoru	English
(derivational)
Tai taiguenao macho’gue-ña i che’cho’.	That’s not the way to do the work.
(function word)
Tai magagu i patgon.	The child does not have clothes.

• gai

CHamoru	English
(derivational)
Gai’ase´nu guaho.	Have mercy on me.
(function word)
Gai salape´ i palao’an.	The woman has money.

4. Function words sen, sin, tai, and gai. The spelling of these words change when they are infixized with –um – and prefixed with man–.

• Example
• sen + –um– = sumen = sumen dångkolo
• sin + –um– = sumin = sumin magågu
• tai + –um– = tumai = tuimai salape´
• gai + –um– = gumai = gumai salape´
• man– + sen = mansen = mansen dångkolo
• man– + sin = mansin = mansin maga´gu
• man– + tai = mantai = mantai salape´
• man– + gai = manggai = manggai salape´

For the purpose of spelling, these function words should not be combined with any other content word.

Example

manggai kareta – – prefixed function manggai, content word, kareta

Rule 16: Affixes

1. The following list contains prefixes of CHamoru which will be written as part of the word to which they are attached:

CHamoru	English meaning
a– umapacha	touch each other
acha– achalokka’	same height
an– ansopbla	left over
chat– chatbunita	slightly pretty
e– & o –esapataos	shop for shoes
otenda	go shopping
fa’ – fa´na´an´	to name
ga’ – ga´maigo´	likes to sleep
ge’ ge´papa	further down
ha – hapoddong	prone to falling
hat – hattalom	move in
ka – kama’gas	having some authority
ke – kehatsa	about to lift
la– lage´hilo´	further up
ma – mataitai	was read (passive marker only)
man – manaitai yu´	I prayed ( Indirect object marker)
man – manhaspok	They are full (plural subject marker)
mi – misalape´	lots of money
mina’– mina’tres	third
na’– na’gasgas	to make clean
san – sanme´na	toward the front
tai – taiguenao	like that
tak – takhilo´	way up high
talak – talakhiyong	look towards the outside
ya yamo´nana	way up front

Note: The classifiers na´, ga´, gimen and iyo will be written as separate words or with a clitic when used with a possessive pronoun.

Example

CHamoru	English meaning
na´galågu	dog food
ga´–ña guaka	his/her cow
gimen – hu kafe	my coffee
iyon påtgon	thing belonging to a child

2. Infixes

• The following infixes –um– and –in– will be written as part of the word:
  • hugåndo = humugåndo
  • huyong = humuyong
  • na´i = nina´i
  • magof = minagof
• Reduplicated syllables and infixes will be written as a part of the word even though the resulting words may contain an unusually large number of letters. Words will be divided on the basis of the rules presented in this paper, not on the basis of length. Some examples of the long words resulting from multiple affixation and reduplication are given here:
  • ma’añao = manachachama’ñao
  • ge’hilo’ = na’lage’hilulu’i
  • guaiya = manmangguaguaiya
• The syllable, la is frequently inserted into CHamoru words that represent sounds as in kalaskas –pangpang–,´palångpang påkpak, paspas–palaspas.

3. Suffixes

The following list contains the suffixes of CHamoru which will be written as part of a word to which they are attached. The first item on the list is called discontinuous affix. The prefix fan– is dependent upon the suffix –yan to give a complete meaning of the word.

• Example

CHamoru	English meaning
fan– –yan = fanbinaduyan	place of deer
–yan = fama’gasiyan	place for washing
–on = guaså’on	sharpener
–yon = guaiyayon	lovable
–ñaihon = såganñaihon	stay for a while
–guan = pinalakse’guan	slip of the tongue
–ña = bunitaña	prettier
–i = sangani	to tell to someone
–yi = sanganiyi	to tell to someone for someone’s behalf
–an = minigu’an	having secretions from the eye

N.B. The –an suffix has an allomorph variant –guan as in paguan ( from pao + –a) This is not the same as the –guan suffix. Other suffixes also have allomorphs variants. The most common is –gue for the suffix –i as in hanågue.

Rule 17: Clitics

The clitics are used to show the special relationship that possessive pronoun directional words and others have with the stem to which they are attached.

Example

Possessive

CHamoru	English meaning
rilos–hu	my watch
rilos–mu	your watch
rilos–ña	his/her watch
rilos–ta	our (ind.) watch
rilos–mami	our (exc.) watch
rilos–miyu	your (plural) watch
rilos–niha	their watch

Directional

CHamoru	English meaning
hanao–guato	on your way over go to
chule´–magi	bring it on your way over here
po’lon-guato	drop it on your way there

N.B. The same mark used to represent a clitic will also be used to hyphenate syllables when breaking a word.